Ronny Scherer

• Scherer, Ronny; Siddiq, Fazilat & Tondeur, Jo (2020). All the same or different? Revisiting measures of teachers' technology acceptance. Computers & Education.  ISSN 0360-1315.  143 . doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103656
• Scherer, Ronny & Nilsen, Trude (2019). Closing the gaps? Differential effectiveness and accountability as a road to school improvement. School Effectiveness and School Improvement.  ISSN 0924-3453.  30(3), s 255- 260 . doi: 10.1080/09243453.2019.1623450
• Scherer, Ronny & Siddiq, Fazilat (2019). The relation between students' socioeconomic status and ICT literacy: Findings from a meta-analysis. Computers & Education.  ISSN 0360-1315.  138, s 13- 32 . doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2019.04.011
• Scherer, Ronny; Siddiq, Fazilat & Sánchez Viveros, Bárbara (2019). The Cognitive Benefits of Learning Computer Programming: A Meta-Analysis of Transfer Effects. Journal of Educational Psychology.  ISSN 0022-0663.  111(5), s 764- 792 . doi: 10.1037/edu0000314 Show summary

  Does computer programming teach students how to think? Learning to program computers has gained considerable popularity, and educational systems around the world are encouraging students in schools and even children in kindergartens to engage in programming activities. This popularity is based on the claim that learning computer programming improves cognitive skills, including creativity, reasoning, and mathematical skills. In this meta-analysis, we tested this claim performing a 3-level, random-effects meta-analysis on a sample of 105 studies and 539 effect sizes. We found evidence for a moderate, overall transfer effect (g = 0.49, 95% CI [0.37, 0.61]) and identified a strong effect for near transfer (g = 0.75, 95% CI [0.39, 1.11]) and a moderate effect for far transfer (g = 0.47, 95% CI [0.35, 0.59]). Positive transfer to situations that required creative thinking, mathematical skills, and metacognition, followed by spatial skills and reasoning existed. School achievement and literacy, however, benefited the least from learning to program. Moderator analyses revealed significantly larger transfer effects for studies with untreated control groups than those with treated (active) control groups. Moreover, published studies exhibited larger effects than gray literature. These findings shed light on the cognitive benefits associated with learning computer programming and contribute to the current debate surrounding the conceptualization of computer programming as a form of problem solving. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved)

• Scherer, Ronny; Siddiq, Fazilat & Tondeur, Jo (2019). The technology acceptance model (TAM): A meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach to explaining teachers’ adoption of digital technology in education. Computers & Education.  ISSN 0360-1315.  128, s 13- 35 . doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2018.09.009 Full text in Research Archive.
• Scherer, Ronny & Teo, Timothy (2019). Editorial to the special section—Technology acceptance models: What we know and what we (still) do not know. British Journal of Educational Technology.  ISSN 0007-1013.  50(5) . doi: 10.1111/bjet.12866
• Scherer, Ronny & Teo, Timothy (2019). Unpacking teachers' intentions to integrate technology: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review.  ISSN 1747-938X.  27, s 90- 109 . doi: 10.1016/j.edurev.2019.03.001
• Siddiq, Fazilat & Scherer, Ronny (2019). Is there a gender gap? A meta-analysis of the gender differences in students' ICT literacy. Educational Research Review.  ISSN 1747-938X.  27, s 205- 217 . doi: 10.1016/j.edurev.2019.03.007
• Teig, Nani; Scherer, Ronny & Nilsen, Trude (2019). I Know I Can, but Do I Have the Time? The Role of Teachers’ Self-Efficacy and Perceived Time Constraints in Implementing Cognitive-Activation Strategies in Science. Frontiers in Psychology.  ISSN 1664-1078.  10(3389) . doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01697
• Tondeur, Jo; Scherer, Ronny; Baran, Evrim; Siddiq, Fazilat; Valtonen, Teemu & Sointu, Erkko (2019). Teacher educators as gatekeepers: Preparing the next generation of teachers for technology integration in education. British Journal of Educational Technology.  ISSN 0007-1013. . doi: 10.1111/bjet.12748
• Tondeur, Jo; Scherer, Ronny; Siddiq, Fazilat & Baran, Evrim (2019). Enhancing pre-service teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK): a mixed-method study. Educational technology research and development.  ISSN 1042-1629. . doi: 10.1007/s11423-019-09692-1
• Vanslambrouck, Silke; Zhu, Chang; Pynoo, Bram; Lombaerts, Koen; Tondeur, Jo & Scherer, Ronny (2019). A latent profile analysis of adult students' online self-regulation in blended learning environments. Computers in Human Behavior.  ISSN 0747-5632. . doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2019.05.021
• Greiff, Samuel & Scherer, Ronny (2018). Complex Problem Solving and Its Position in the Wider Realm of the Human Intellect. Journal of Intelligence.  ISSN 2079-3200.  6(5) . doi: 10.3390/jintelligence6010005 Full text in Research Archive.
• Greiff, Samuel & Scherer, Ronny (2018). Still Comparing Apples With Oranges? Some Thoughts on the Principles and Practices of Measurement Invariance Testing. European Journal of Psychological Assessment.  ISSN 1015-5759.  34(3), s 141- 144 . doi: 10.1027/1015-5759/a000487
• Nerstad, Christina G. L.; Rosalind, Searle; Černe, Matej; Dysvik, Anders; Škerlavaj, Miha & Scherer, Ronny (2018). Perceived Mastery Climate, Felt Trust, and Knowledge Sharing. Journal of Organizational Behavior.  ISSN 0894-3796.  39(4), s 429- 447 . doi: 10.1002/job.2241 Show summary

  Interpersonal trust is associated with a range of adaptive outcomes, including knowledge sharing. However, to date, our knowledge of antecedents and consequences of employees feeling trusted by supervisors in organizations remains limited. On the basis of a multisource, multiwave field study among 956 employees from 5 Norwegian organizations, we examined the predictive roles of perceived mastery climate and employee felt trust for employees' knowledge sharing. Drawing on the achievement goal theory, we develop and test a model to demonstrate that when employees perceive a mastery climate, they are more likely to feel trusted by their supervisors at both the individual and group levels. Moreover, the relationship between employees' perceptions of a mastery climate and supervisor‐rated knowledge sharing is mediated by perceptions of being trusted by the supervisor. Theoretical contributions and practical implications of our findings are discussed.

• Nilsen, Trude; Scherer, Ronny & Blömeke, Sigrid (2018). The relation of science teachers' quality and instruction to student motivation and achievement in the 4th and 8th grade: A Nordic perspective, In Nordic Council of Ministers (ed.),  Northern Lights on TIMSS and PISA 2018.  Nordic Council of Ministers:.  ISBN 978-92-893-5565-0.  Chapter 3.  s 61 - 94
• Scherer, Ronny & Guttersrud, Øystein (2018). Observing the World Through Your Own Lenses – The Role of Perceived Adaptability for Epistemological Beliefs About the Development of Scientific Knowledge. Frontiers in Psychology.  ISSN 1664-1078.  9 . doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01006 Full text in Research Archive.
• Scherer, Ronny; Tondeur, Jo; Siddiq, Fazilat & Baran, Evrim (2018). The importance of attitudes toward technology for pre-service teachers' technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge: Comparing structural equation modeling approaches. Computers in Human Behavior.  ISSN 0747-5632.  80, s 67- 80 . doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.003 Full text in Research Archive.
• Scherer, Ronny & Wiberg, Marie (2018). Special feature: advanced technologies in educational assessment. Behaviormetrika.  ISSN 0385-7417. . doi: 10.1007/s41237-018-0071-y
• Strietholt, Rolf & Scherer, Ronny (2018). The Contribution of International Large-Scale Assessments to Educational Research: Combining Individual and Institutional Data Sources. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research.  ISSN 0031-3831.  62(3), s 368- 385 . doi: 10.1080/00313831.2016.1258729 Full text in Research Archive.
• Teig, Nani; Scherer, Ronny & Nilsen, Trude (2018). More isn't always better: The curvilinear relationship between inquiry-based teaching and student achievement in science. Learning and Instruction.  ISSN 0959-4752.  56, s 20- 29 . doi: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2018.02.006 Show summary

  Previous studies have assumed a linear relationship between inquiry-based teaching and student achievement in science. However this assumption may be questionable. Recent evidence on the effectiveness of inquiry-based teaching has yielded conflicting findings. To test the linearity assumption, the present study investigated the relation between inquiry-based teaching and achievement by taking into account the possible existence of nonlinear relations using Norwegian TIMSS 2015 data. A multilevel structural equation modeling analysis showed that the relationship was curvilinear. Inquiry-based teaching was positively correlated with achievement, but high frequency of inquiry activities was negatively related to achievement. Furthermore, we found that classroom SES did not affect the strength of the relationship between inquiry and achievement. These findings challenge the linearity assumption and contribute to explaining the conflicting evidence in earlier research as well as promote the effectiveness of inquiry-based teaching regardless of students’ socioeconomic backgrounds.

• Greiff, Samuel; Scheiter, Katharina; Scherer, Ronny; Borgonovi, Francesca; Britt, M. Anne; Graesser, Arthur C.; Kitajima, Muneo & Rouet, Jean-François (2017). Adaptive problem solving - Moving towards a new assessment domain in the second cycle of PIAAC. OECD Education Working Papers.  ISSN 1993-9019. . doi: 10.1787/90fde2f4-en
• Greiff, Samuel; Scherer, Ronny & Kirschner, Paul A. (2017). Some critical reflections on the special issue: Current innovations in computer-based assessments. Computers in Human Behavior.  ISSN 0747-5632.  76, s 715- 718 . doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.019 Full text in Research Archive.
• Hatlevik, Ove Edvard; Scherer, Ronny & Christophersen, Knut-Andreas (2017). Moving beyond the study of gender differences: An analysis of measurement invariance and differential item functioning of an ICT literacy scale. Computers & Education.  ISSN 0360-1315.  113, s 280- 293 . doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2017.06.003 Full text in Research Archive.
• Heitmann, Patricia; Hecht, Martin; Scherer, Ronny & Schwanewedel, Julia (2017). "Learning science is about facts and language learning is about being discursive" - An empirical investigation of students' disciplinary beliefs in the context of argumentation. Frontiers in Psychology.  ISSN 1664-1078.  8(946), s 1- 16 . doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00946 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Argumentation is considered crucial in numerous disciplines in schools and universities because it constitutes an important proficiency in peoples' daily and professional lives. However, it is unclear whether argumentation is understood and practiced in comparable ways across disciplines. This study consequently examined empirically how students perceive argumentation in science and (first) language lessons. Specifically, we investigated students' beliefs about the relevance of discourse and the role of facts. Data from 3,258 high school students from 85 German secondary schools were analyzed with multigroup multilevel structural equation modeling in order to disentangle whether or not differences in argumentation across disciplines exist and the extent to which variation in students' beliefs can be explained by gender and school track. Results showed that students perceived the role of facts as highly relevant for science lessons, whereas discursive characteristics were considered significantly less important. In turn, discourse played a central role in language lessons, which was believed to require less knowledge of facts. These differences were independent of students' gender. In contrast, school track predicted the differences in beliefs significantly. Our findings lend evidence on the existence of disciplinary school cultures in argumentation that may be the result of differences in teachers' school-track-specific classroom practice and education. Implications in terms of a teacher's role in establishing norms for scientific argumentation as well as the impact of students' beliefs on their learning outcomes are discussed.

• Hjetland, Hanne Næss; Brinchmann, Ellen Iren; Scherer, Ronny & Melby-Lervåg, Monica (2017). Preschool predictors of later reading comprehension ability: a systematic review. Campbell systematic reviews.  ISSN 1891-1803.  14 . doi: 10.4073/csr.2017.14 Full text in Research Archive.
• Lotz, Christin; Scherer, Ronny; Greiff, Samuel & Sparfeldt, J. R. (2017). Intelligence in action – Effective strategic behaviors while solving complex problems. Intelligence.  ISSN 0160-2896.  64, s 98- 112 . doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2017.08.002 Full text in Research Archive.
• Scherer, Ronny (2017). The Quest for the Holy Grail of Validity in Science Assessments: A Comment on Kampa and Köller (2016) “German National Proficiency Scales in Biology: Internal Structure, Relations to General Cognitive Abilities and Verbal Skills”. Science Education.  ISSN 0036-8326.  101(5), s 845- 853 . doi: 10.1002/sce.21278 Full text in Research Archive.
• Scherer, Ronny & Hatlevik, Ove Edvard (2017). "Sore eyes and distracted" or "excited and confident"? – The role of perceived negative consequences of using ICT for perceived usefulness and self-efficacy. Computers & Education.  ISSN 0360-1315.  115, s 188- 200 . doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2017.08.003 Full text in Research Archive.
• Scherer, Ronny; Rohatgi, Anubha & Hatlevik, Ove Edvard (2017). Students' profiles of ICT use: Identification, determinants, and relations to achievement in a computer and information literacy test. Computers in Human Behavior.  ISSN 0747-5632.  70, s 486- 499 . doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.034 Full text in Research Archive.
• Scherer, Ronny & Siddiq, Fazilat (2017). Revealing the processes of students' interaction with a novel collaborative problem solving task: An in-depth analysis of think-aloud protocols. Computers in Human Behavior.  ISSN 0747-5632.  76, s 509- 525 . doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.007 Full text in Research Archive.
• Scherer, Ronny; Tondeur, Jo & Siddiq, Fazilat (2017). On the quest for validity: Testing the factor structure and measurement invariance of the technology-dimensions in the Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge (TPACK) model. Computers & Education.  ISSN 0360-1315.  112, s 1- 17 . doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2017.04.012 Full text in Research Archive.
• Tondeur, Jo; Scherer, Ronny; Siddiq, Fazilat & Baran, Evrim (2017). A comprehensive investigation of TPACK within pre-service teachers' ICT profiles: Mind the gap!. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology.  ISSN 1449-5554.  33(3), s 46- 60 . doi: 10.14742/ajet.3504 Full text in Research Archive.
• Bergem, Ole Kristian; Nilsen, Trude & Scherer, Ronny (2016). Undervisningskvalitet i Matematikk, I: Ole Kristian Bergem; Hege Kaarstein & Trude Nilsen (red.),  Vi kan lykkes i realfag - Resultater og analyser fra TIMSS 2015.  Universitetsforlaget.  ISBN 978-82-15-02798-2.  Chapter 7.  s 120 - 136 Full text in Research Archive.
• Greiff, Samuel; Niepel, Christoph; Scherer, Ronny & Martin, Romain (2016). Understanding students' performance in a computer-based assessment of complex problem solving: An analysis of behavioral data from computer-generated log files. Computers in Human Behavior.  ISSN 0747-5632.  61, s 36- 46 . doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.095
• Rohatgi, Anubha; Scherer, Ronny & Hatlevik, Ove Edvard (2016). The role of ICT self-efficacy for students' ICT use and their achievement in a computer and information literacy test. Computers & Education.  ISSN 0360-1315.  102, s 103- 116 . doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2016.08.001
• Scherer, Ronny (2016). Learning from the Past – The Need for Empirical Evidence on the Transfer Effects of Computer Programming Skills. Frontiers in Psychology.  ISSN 1664-1078.  7(1390) . doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01390 Full text in Research Archive.
• Scherer, Ronny; Jansen, Malte; Nilsen, Trude; Areepattamannil, Shaljan & Marsh, Herbert W. (2016). The quest for comparability: Studying the invariance of the teachers' sense of self-efficacy (TSES) measure across countries. PLoS ONE.  ISSN 1932-6203.  11(3) . doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150829 Full text in Research Archive.
• Scherer, Ronny & Nilsen, Trude (2016). The Relations Among School Climate, Instructional Quality, and Achievement Motivation in Mathematics, In Trude Nilsen & Jan-Eric Gustafsson (ed.),  Teacher Quality, Instructional Quality and Student Outcome. Relationships Across Countries, Cohorts and Time..  Springer.  ISBN 978-3-319-41251-1.  chapter 3.  s 51 - 80 Full text in Research Archive.
• Scherer, Ronny; Nilsen, Trude & Jansen, Malte (2016). Evaluating Individual Students’ Perceptions of Instructional Quality: An Investigation of their Factor Structure, Measurement Invariance, and Relations to Educational Outcomes. Frontiers in Psychology.  ISSN 1664-1078.  7 . doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00110 Full text in Research Archive.
• Siddiq, Fazilat; Hatlevik, Ove Edvard; Olsen, Rolf Vegar; Throndsen, Inger & Scherer, Ronny (2016). Taking a future perspective by learning from the past - A systematic review of assessment instruments that aim to measure primary and secondary school students' ICT literacy. Educational Research Review.  ISSN 1747-938X.  19, s 58- 84 . doi: 10.1016/j.edurev.2016.05.002
• Siddiq, Fazilat & Scherer, Ronny (2016). The relation between teachers’ emphasis on the development of students’ digital information and communication skills and computer self-efficacy: the moderating roles of age and gender. Large-scale assessments in education.  ISSN 2196-0739.  4 . doi: 10.1186/s40536-016-0032-4 Full text in Research Archive. Show summary

  Teachers’ integration of information and communication technology (ICT) has been widely studied, given that digital competence is considered to be a crucial outcome of twenty first century education. In this context, research highlighted teachers’ computer self-efficacy (CSE) as one of the most important determinants of their ICT integration into teaching practices. Whereas previous research mainly focused on the relation between CSE and ICT integration from a frequency-based point of view, recent research suggests to investigate this relation using more qualitative measures of ICT integration such as the degree to which teachers emphasize developing students’ digital information and communication skills (TEDDICS). Consequently, the present study investigates the relations between these two constructs: teachers’ emphasis on developing students’ digital skills and their computer self-efficacy, taking into account the moderating roles of age and gender. We used a representative sample of 1071 Norwegian secondary school teachers who participated in the international computer and information literacy study (ICILS) in 2013. Our results provide evidence on the positive relation between CSE and TEDDICS. Furthermore, age positively moderated this relation between some factors of the two constructs, indicating that computer self-efficacy plays an even more important role for teachers of higher age in the context of emphasizing ICT skills in classrooms. The unique effect of gender was present for one correlation between CSE and TEDDICS, indicating that moderation by gender was apparent to a limited extent, and related to use of computers for instructional purposes. The interaction between age and gender did not reveal significant moderation effects. We discuss these results in light of the potential consequences for teacher training.

• Siddiq, Fazilat; Scherer, Ronny & Tondeur, Jo (2016). Teachers' emphasis on developing students' digital information and communication skills (TEDDICS): A new construct in 21st century education. Computers & Education.  ISSN 0360-1315.  92-93, s 1- 14 . doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2015.10.006
• Teig, Nani & Scherer, Ronny (2016). Bringing formal and informal reasoning together - A new era of assessment?. Frontiers in Psychology.  ISSN 1664-1078.  7 . doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01097 Full text in Research Archive.
• Tondeur, Jo; van Braak, Johan; Siddiq, Fazilat & Scherer, Ronny (2016). Time for a new approach to prepare future teachers for educational technology use: Its meaning and measurement.. Computers & Education.  ISSN 0360-1315.  94, s 134- 150 . doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2015.11.009
• Jansen, Malte; Scherer, Ronny & Schroeders, Ulrich (2015). Students' self-concept and self-efficacy in the sciences: Differential relations to antecedents and educational outcomes. Contemporary Educational Psychology.  ISSN 0361-476X.  41, s 13- 24 . doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.11.002
• Scherer, Ronny (2015). Is it time for a new measurement approach? A closer look at the assessment of cognitive adaptability in complex problem solving. Frontiers in Psychology.  ISSN 1664-1078.  6 . doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01664 Full text in Research Archive.
• Scherer, Ronny (2015). Psychometric Challenges in Modeling Scientific Problem-Solving Competency: An Item Response Theory Approach, In Berthold Lausen; Sabine Krolak-Schwerdt & Matthias Böhmer (ed.),  Data Science, Learning by Latent Structures, and Knowledge Discovery.  Springer.  ISBN 978-3-662-44982-0.  chapter.  s 379 - 388
• Scherer, Ronny; Greiff, Samuel & Hautamaeki, Jarkko (2015). Exploring the Relation between Time on Task and Ability in Complex Problem Solving. Intelligence.  ISSN 0160-2896.  48, s 37- 50 . doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2014.10.003
• Scherer, Ronny & Gustafsson, Jan-Eric (2015). Student assessment of teaching as a source of information about aspects of teaching quality in multiple subject domains: an application of multilevel bifactor structural equation modeling. Frontiers in Psychology.  ISSN 1664-1078.  6 . doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01550 Full text in Research Archive.
• Scherer, Ronny & Gustafsson, Jan-Eric (2015). The relations among openness, perseverance, and performance in creative problem solving: A substantive-methodological approach. Thinking Skills and Creativity.  ISSN 1871-1871.  18, s 4- 17 . doi: 10.1016/j.tsc.2015.04.004
• Scherer, Ronny & Siddiq, Fazilat (2015). Revisiting teachers' computer self-efficacy: A differentiated view on gender differences. Computers in Human Behavior.  ISSN 0747-5632.  53, s 48- 57 . doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2015.06.038
• Scherer, Ronny & Siddiq, Fazilat (2015). The Big-Fish-Little-Pond-Effect revisited: Do different types of assessments matter?. Computers & Education.  ISSN 0360-1315.  80, s 198- 210 . doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2014.09.003
• Scherer, Ronny; Siddiq, Fazilat & Teo, Timothy (2015). Becoming more specific: Measuring and modeling teachers' perceived usefulness of ICT in the context of teaching and learning. Computers & Education.  ISSN 0360-1315.  88, s 202- 214 . doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2015.05.005
• Scherer, Ronny (2014). Komplexes Problemlösen im Fach Chemie: Ein domänenspezifischer Zugang. Zeitschrift für pädagogische Psychologie.  ISSN 1010-0652.  28(4), s 181- 192 . doi: 10.1024/1010-0652/a000136
• Scherer, Ronny & Beckmann, Jens F. (2014). The acquisition of problem solving competence: evidence from 41 countries that math and science education matters. Large-scale assessments in education.  ISSN 2196-0739.  2(10) . doi: 10.1186/s40536-014-0010-7
• Scherer, Ronny; Messinger-Koppelt, Jenny & Tiemann, Ruediger (2014). Developing a computerbased assessment of complex problem solving in chemistry. International Journal of STEM education.  ISSN 2196-7822.  1 . doi: 10.1186/2196-7822-1-2
• Scherer, Ronny & Tiemann, Rüdiger (2012). Factors of problem-solving competency in a virtual chemistry environment:The role of metacognitive knowledge about strategies. Computers & Education.  ISSN 0360-1315.  59, s 1199- 1214 . doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2012.05.020

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• Hjetland, Hanne Næss; Brinchmann, Ellen Iren; Scherer, Ronny & Melby-Lervåg, Monica (2018). Preschool predictors of later reading comprehension ability: a Campbell systematic review.
• Scherer, Ronny; Siddiq, Fazilat & Sánchez Viveros, Bárbara (2018). Technology and the Mind: Does Learning to Code Improve Cognitive Skills?. Proceedings / ACM Multimedia Conference. . doi: 10.1145/3183654.3183658 Show summary

  Modern technology permeates almost every area in society and thus necessitates the development of new skillsets--including computer coding. Many leaders around the world consequently encourage students to learn to code, as this may help them to develop other skills, including problem solving, reasoning, and numeracy. The current study, based on a meta-analysis, puts to test this largely accepted claim that learning how to code improves other cognitive skills. We identified 105 relevant studies that examined the transfer of coding skills to other cognitive skills, such as reasoning, problem solving, creativity, literacy, and numeracy. These studies provided more than 150 effect sizes and followed experimental and quasi-experimental designs across all educational levels. A three-level random-effects model was specified to the resultant dataset to summarize the transfer effects. Hedges' g formed the basis for this modelling approach. The aggregated size of the transfer effects--independent of the context of transfer--was positive and mediocre (g = 0.49, 95% CI = [0.37, 0.61]), and showed considerable variation within and between studies. At the same time, this effect differed across transfer contexts--for skills closer to computer coding, effects were larger (near transfer) than for skills that overlap only marginally with coding (far transfer). Moreover, the purpose of coding moderated the overall effects. Our response to the question whether learning to code improves other cognitive skills is positive: Indeed, positive transfer effects can be detected. Nevertheless, learning to code has differential rather than uniform effects on other cognitive skills.

• Kluge, Anders; Boothby, Russel Clark; Dolonen, Jan Arild; Scherer, Ronny & Ludvigsen, Sten Runar (2017). Critical Thinking in a Changing World: A Formative Report of the Conceptualization, Assessment, and Implementation of Critical Thinking Skills in 21st Century Education.
• Kluge, Anders; Boothby, Russel Clark; Dolonen, Jan Arild; Scherer, Ronny & Ludvigsen, Sten Runar (2017). Critical Thinking in a Changing World: ASSESSMENT FRAMEWORK.
• Scherer, Ronny; Greiff, Samuel & Kirschner, Paul A. (2017). Editorial to the special issue: Current innovations in computer-based assessments. Computers in Human Behavior.  ISSN 0747-5632.  76, s 604- 606 . doi: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.020 Full text in Research Archive.
• Scherer, Ronny & Nilsen, Trude (2017). Relations between School Climate, Instructional Quality, and Educational Outcomes.
• Scherer, Ronny & Nilsen, Trude (2017). Relations between School Climate, Instructional Quality, and Educational Outcomes: Findings from TIMSS 2015 in Norway.
• Siddiq, Fazilat & Scherer, Ronny (2017). Is there a gap? A meta-analytic review of the gender and SES effects on students’ ICT literacy.
• Nerstad, Christina G. L.; Glasø, Lars; Dysvik, Anders & Scherer, Ronny (2016). The mechanism to protest at work: A multilevel study. Academy of Management. Annual Meeting Proceedings.  ISSN 2151-6561.  (1) . doi: 10.5465/AMBPP.2016.10864abstract
• Nerstad, Christina G. L.; Glasø, Lars; Dysvik, Anders & Scherer, Ronny (2016). The mechanism to protest at work: A multilevel study.
• Siddiq, Fazilat & Scherer, Ronny (2016). Do Age and Gender Matter for the Relation Between Teachers’ Computer Self-efficacy and their Emphasis on Developing Students’ Digital Skills?.
• Siddiq, Fazilat & Scherer, Ronny (2016). Investigating student-student interactions in an assessment of collaborative problem solving: An in-depth analysis of think-aloud protocols.
• Siddiq, Fazilat & Scherer, Ronny (2015). Teachers Emphasis on Developing Students Digital Information and Communication Skills (TEDDICS) - Looking at 21st Century Education.
• Siddiq, Fazilat & Scherer, Ronny (2015). Teachers’ Perceived usefulness of ICT in teaching and learning: An important determinant of ICT integration in classroom practices.
• Nilsen, Trude; Scherer, Ronny; Gustafsson, Jan-Eric; Bergem, Ole Kristian & Lehre, Anne- Catherine W G (2014). Quality of Instruction and Teacher Motivation mediating the effect of School Emphasis on Academic Success on achievement.
• Scherer, Ronny (2014). Actions to improve learning outcomes in Germany (Tiltak som har gitt bedre læringsutbytte i Tyskland).
• Scherer, Ronny (2014). Issues of construct validity in problem solving assessments: Generalizability and invariance across schools and countries.
• Scherer, Ronny (2014). Psychometric challenges in modeling scientific problem-solving competency: An item response theory approach.
• Scherer, Ronny (2014). Schuleffekte bei der Erfassung analytischer Problemlösekompetenz: Eine Analyse der Messinvarianz im Mehrebenenfall.
• Scherer, Ronny & Braeken, Johan (2014). The issue of item dependencies in problem solving assessments: Comparing different modeling approaches.
• Scherer, Ronny; Jansen, Malte & Schroeders, Ulrich (2014). Selbstkonzept und Selbstwirksamkeit in den Naturwissenschaften: Empirische Trennbarkeit und differenzielle Zusammenhänge mit Motiven, Unterrichtsaktivitäten und Leistungen.
• Siddiq, Fazilat & Scherer, Ronny (2014). The Big-Fish-Little-Pond Effect in Computer-Based Math Assessments – Do Computers Really Matter?.

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