References
Butzkamm, Wolfgang. 2003. ‘We Only Learn Language Once. The Role of the Mother Tongue in FL Classrooms: Death of a Dogma’. Language Learning Journal 28 (1): 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/09571730385200181
Calafato, Raees. 2020. ‘Evaluating Teacher Multilingualism across Contexts and Multiple Languages: Validation and Insights’. Heliyon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04471
Macaro, Ernesto. 2001. ‘Analysing Student Teachers’ Codeswitching in Foreign Language Classrooms: Theories and Decision Making’. The Modern Language Journal 85 (4): 531–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/0026-7902.00124
May, Stephen. 2014. The Multilingual Turn: Implications for SLA, TESOL and Bilingual Education. New York: Routledge.
Curricula and national guidelines
MEN (Ministère de l’Education Nationale). 2020. Cycle de consolidation (cycle 3) et cycle des approfondissements (cycle 4). Bulletin officiel n°31 du 30 juillet 2020, annexe 3. https://cache.media.education.gouv.fr/file/31/89/1/ensel714_annexe3_1312891.pdf
NDET (Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training). 2019. Curriculum in English (ENG01‑04). https://data.udir.no/kl06/v201906/laereplaner-lk20/ENG01-04.pdf?lang=eng
NDET (Norwegian Directorate for Education and Training). 2022. Curriculum for Foreign Languages (FSP01‑03). https://data.udir.no/kl06/v201906/laereplaner-lk20/FSP01-03.pdf?lang=eng
Ofsted (Office for Standards in Education). 2021. Curriculum research review series: languages. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/curriculum-research-review-series-languages/curriculum-research-review-series-languages
Data sets
IEA. 2021. PIRLS 2021. P21_CurriculumData, [Data set]. https://doi.org/10.58150/PIRLS_2021_data
OECD. 2023. PISA 2022 – Student questionnaire data files [Data set] https://www.oecd.org/pisa/data/2022database/
ONS (Office for National Statistics). 2021. Census data. [Data set]. https://www.ons.gov.uk/census/planningforcensus2021/ukcensusdata
Statistics Norway. 2024. Hele befolkningen, etter innvandringskategori i tre generasjoner, statistikkvariabel og år. [dataset]. [Whole population, by immigration category over three generations, statistic variable and year] https://www.ssb.no/statbank/table/12548