Geir Nyborg

• Nyborg, Geir; Slungård, Kristin; Edwards, Anne & Coplan, Robert J. (2026). From motive to action: how teachers interpret and respond to students’ shy behaviour. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. ISSN 0031-3831. s. 1–14. doi: 10.1080/00313831.2026.2642598. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyborg, Geir; Mjelve, Liv Heidi; Coplan, Robert J.; Edwards, Anne & Crozier, Ray (2024). Exploring Norwegian teachers’ perceptions of shy students at recess and their strategic responses. International Journal of Inclusive Education. ISSN 1360-3116. s. 1–16. doi: 10.1080/13603116.2024.2343089. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Recess (break times) during the school day offers children opportunities for peer interactions which enrich social development. For shy children, however, these periods can produce anxiety, leading to withdrawal and onlooker behaviour. The analysis reported here is from a national study of how Norwegian elementary school teachers support the engagement of shy children in school life. Nineteen teachers with recognised success with shy students were interviewed to elicit their interpretations of shy children’s behaviour and their strategies with them. Qualitative analyses found that these teachers recognised that recess was integral to creating inclusive schools, took the perspectives of shy children, and ascribed anxiety-related emotions to them. Teachers also mentioned that asking other children to include them in activities left shy children feeling pitied. However, giving designated roles to the child; allowing them to stay inside with friends to build real friendships; and starting playful activities with the child that attracted other children were all described as successful strategies.

• Nyborg, Geir; Mjelve, Liv Heidi; Crozier, Crozier Ray; Arnesen, Anne; Coplan, Robert J. & Edwards, Anne (2023). Teachers’ Strategies for Helping Shy Students: Findings from a National Survey in Norway. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. ISSN 0031-3831. 68(5), s. 1024–1024. doi: 10.1080/00313831.2023.2196534. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The goals of this study were to investigate strategies that teachers may use to help students with their shyness at school and to explore potential effects of demographic variables (i.e., teacher experience, class size, grade level) on teachers’ strategies. Participants were a national sample of N = 275 teachers (from 230 elementary schools) in Norway, who reported their frequency of use of different strategies and rated their perceived effectiveness for helping shy students across four domains: (1) encouraging oral participation; (2) promoting social relationships; (3) reducing anxiety; and (4) whole-class strategies. Across domains, common themes included teachers’ sensitivity to individual shy students, reduction of stress associated with novel situations, involving peers, focus on social skills, and building trusting relationships with shy students. Demographic variables had only limited effects on strategy use/effectiveness. Findings are discussed in relation to previous theory and research related to teachers’ strategies for assisting shy students at school.

• Nyborg, Geir; Mjelve, Liv Heidi; Edwards, Anne; Crozier, W. Ray & Coplan, Robert J. (2022). Working relationally with shy students: Pedagogical insights from teachers and students. Learning, Culture and Social Interaction. ISSN 2210-6561. 33. doi: 10.1016/j.lcsi.2022.100610. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Shy children can find engaging with classroom demands challenging, inhibiting their development as agentic learners. In the present study, seven Norwegian elementary school teachers with acknowledged success with shy students were observed teaching and then interviewed about their observed pedagogies. A shy child in each class was also interviewed. Both sets of interviews were analysed drawing on concepts from cultural-historical theory: relational expertise, common knowledge and relational agency. Analyses revealed that teachers employed relational expertise to build common knowledge (understandings of their and the child's motive orientations) with each student. Common knowledge then mediated the unfolding of the child's agency as an engaged learner. The study offers unique insights into how shy children can be supported as learners.

• Sørensen, Petter Toivo; Nyborg, Geir; Lorentsen, Torleif; Olasveengen, Theresa M.; Langerud, Anne Kathrine & Aarhus, Mads [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Vasospasm Surveillance by a Simplified Transcranial Doppler Protocol in Traumatic Brain Injury. World Neurosurgery. ISSN 1878-8750. 164, s. e318–e325. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.04.108. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Objective To detect post-traumatic vasospasm in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), we implemented a simplified transcranial Doppler (TCD) surveillance protocol in a neurointensive care setting. In this study, we evaluate the yield of this protocol. Methods Adult patients with TBI admitted to the neurointensive care unit were examined with TCD by 2 intensive care nurses trained in TCD examinations. Flow velocities of the middle cerebral arteries were recorded. TCD suspected vasospasm was defined as the mean flow velocity >120 cm/s, and when detected, the protocol recommended a supplementary computed tomography angiography. The rate of detection of TCD suspected vasospasm and the subsequent rate of radiological diagnosis of vasospasm were recorded. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, we evaluated age, initial Glasgow Coma Scale, craniotomy, and decompressive craniectomy as potential predictors of developing increased TCD velocity. Results A total of 84 patients with TBI with a median initial Glasgow Coma Scale score of 6 were examined by TCD. TCD suspected vasospasm was found in the middle cerebral arteries of 18% of examined patients. Two-thirds of patients with TCD suspected vasospasm were investigated with a subsequent computed tomography angiography, and 80% of these patients received a radiological diagnosis of vasospasm. In logistic regression analysis, decompressive craniectomy was significantly associated with increased risk of developing TCD suspected vasospasm (odds ratio: 11.57, 95% confidence interval: 2.59–51.73, P = 0.001). Conclusions The implementation of a simplified TCD surveillance protocol in a neurointensive care setting yielded an 18% detection rate of TCD suspected vasospasm. In our cohort of patients with TBI, decompressive craniectomy was associated with increased risk of developing TCD suspected vasospasm.

• Solberg, Stine; Nyborg, Geir; Mjelve, Liv Heidi; Edwards, Anne & Arnesen, Anne (2022). Teachers’ experiences of school-based support in their work with shy students. Teaching and Teacher Education : An International Journal of Research and Studies. ISSN 0742-051X. 111(111), s. 103628–103628. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2021.103628. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  We report on the support from senior leaders, outside agents and parents, experienced by Norwegian elementary school teachers while working with shy students. A national sample completed a questionnaire based on teacher interviews. A descriptive analysis examined experienced support; while a person-centered analysis revealed different profiles of teachers in relation to support. The findings show that teachers perceived some support in this work. But there were two profiles of teachers, one experienced significantly more support than the other. Class size was the only background variable that showed an effect on the profiles. Implications for schools and senior leadership are discussed.

• Nyborg, Geir; Mjelve, Liv Heidi; Arnesen, Anne; Crozier, W. Ray; Bjørnebekk, Gunnar & Coplan, Robert J. (2022). Teachers’ strategies for managing shy students’ anxiety at school. Nordic Psychology. ISSN 1901-2276. 75(1), s. 74–74. doi: 10.1080/19012276.2022.2058072. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The aim of this quantitative study was to analyze teachers’ most common and perceived effective strategies for reducing anxiety in shy elementary-school students. Participants were 275 elementary-school teachers, representative of the teacher population of Norway. Participants nominated a shy student they had taught and completed a questionnaire including strategies for reducing anxiety, reporting their use and effectiveness of each strategy. Latent class and profile models identified groups of teachers that differed in terms of how often they applied strategies and in how useful they found their attempts to intervene. Strategy use and usefulness ratings were consistent across participants although there was evidence of an association with student grade, student gender and school size on a number of strategies. A consistent theme across the strategies is the reliance on protective strategies, which may help a child cope with anxiety in the short term but can be less productive in the longer term. Results are discussed in terms of best practices for teachers in helping shy students cope with anxiety at school.

• Mjelve, Liv Heidi; Nyborg, Geir; Arnesen, Anne; Bjørnebekk, Gunnar; Ray, Crozier W. & Coplan, Robert (2022). Characteristics of Teacher-Nominated Shy Students in Norwegian Elementary Schools. Journal of Research in Childhood Education. ISSN 0256-8543. 37(2), s. 274–274. doi: 10.1080/02568543.2022.2027582. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The present study explored variations in the characteristics of teacher-nominated shy students. Participants were N = 329 teachers from 303 elementary schools across Norway. Teachers were first asked to select a current (or previously taught) student who was considered “shy,” and then rated different aspects of this child’s school adjustment. Among the results, teacher-nominated shy students were found to be a heterogeneous group, varying substantively across several domains of functioning at school. Teachers’ descriptions of shy students functioning did not vary significantly as a function of school characteristics (class/school size), teacher characteristics (gender/age/experience), or student grade. However, overall, teachers rated shy male students as evidencing more adjustment difficulties than shy female students. Results are discussed in terms of implications for educational practice.

• Cordier, Reinie; Speyer, Renee; Mahoney, Natasha; Arnesen, Anne; Mjelve, Liv Heidi & Nyborg, Geir (2021). Effects of interventions for social anxiety and shyness in school-aged children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 16(7), s. 0254117–0254117. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254117. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  In school, shyness is associated with psychosocial difficulties and has negative impacts on children’s academic performance and wellbeing. Even though there are different strategies and interventions to help children deal with shyness, there is currently no comprehensive systematic review of available interventions. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to identify interventions for shy children and to evaluate the effectiveness in reducing psychosocial difficulties and other impacts. The methodology and reporting were guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement and checklist. A total of 4,864 studies were identified and 25 of these met the inclusion criteria. These studies employed interventions that were directed at school-aged children between six and twelve years of age and described both pre- and post-intervention measurement in target populations of at least five children. Most studies included an intervention undertaken in a school setting. The meta-analysis revealed interventions showing a large effect in reducing negative consequences of shyness, which is consistent with extant literature regarding shyness in school, suggesting school-age as an ideal developmental stage to target shyness. None of the interventions were delivered in a classroom setting, limiting the ability to make comparisons between in-class interventions and those delivered outside the classroom, but highlighting the effectiveness of interventions outside the classroom. The interventions were often conducted in group sessions, based at the school, and involved activities such as play, modelling and reinforcement and clinical methods such as social skills training, psychoeducation, and exposure. Traditionally, such methods have been confined to a clinic setting. The results of the current study show that, when such methods are used in a school-based setting and involve peers, the results can be effective in reducing negative effects of shyness. This is consistent with recommendations that interventions be age-appropriate, consider social development and utilise wide, school-based programs that address all students.

• Solberg, Stine; Edwards, Anne; Mjelve, Liv Heidi & Nyborg, Geir (2020). Working Relationally with Networks of Support Within Schools: Supporting Teachers in their Work with Shy Students. Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk. ISSN 1082-4669. doi: 10.1080/10824669.2020.1854760. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Childhood shyness and associated psychosocial difficulties can place pupils at risk of underperforming cognitively. Yet shyness is not regarded as a special need demanding a response from education professionals. In this article, drawing on data from a national study of how teachers support shy children, we trace how teachers negotiate this support from the networks of teachers and carers that are available to them. Data comprised post-observation recall interviews, individual interviews and focus groups with teachers, all of whom had successful experiences with shy students. Qualitative responses from a national teacher survey were also analyzed. Analyses were guided by three cultural-historical concepts which explain professional relationships. Four networks were identified: teacher teams; school resource teams; school leadership teams and families. With peers the negotiation was horizontal, drawing on shared concerns with children as learners; with resource teams teachers negotiated upwards by recognizing and addressing the priorities of the resource teams; with leadership teams the school Principals worked relationally and pedagogically with teachers to enable their agentic responses to challenges; while with families teachers worked sensitively to elicit the what mattered for the families and encourage relational collaborations with school professionals. The implications for professional learning and school leadership are discussed.

• Solberg, Stine; Edwards, Anne & Nyborg, Geir (2020). Leading for School Inclusion and Prevention? How School Leadership Teams Support Shy Students and Their Teachers. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. ISSN 0031-3831. doi: 10.1080/00313831.2020.1788156. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  School shyness may have immediate and long-term detrimental effects. Drawing on cultural-historical understandings of motivated actions and conceptual and material tools, the study examined how ten school leaders in three Norwegian elementary schools interpreted and responded to the demands on the school in their work with shy children. Data comprised individual interviews and concluding school-based group conversations with leaders. The schools were recognized as enabling teachers’ responsive work with shy children in classrooms and presented a useful tension between central direction by school leaders and the professional discretion that enabled teachers’ responsive pedagogies. The leadership teams’ focus was school inclusion through adaptive pedagogies. This strong focus on inclusion emphasized classroom-based Tier 1 universal interventions. There were Tier 2 targeted interventions with shy children undertaken by social teachers, but they could seem ad-hoc by depending on teachers’ capacity to identify the need for them. The implications for school leadership are discussed.

• Nyborg, Geir; Mjelve, Liv Heidi; Edwards, Anne & Crozier, Ray (2020). Teachers’ strategies for enhancing shy children's engagement in oral activities: necessary, but insufficient? International Journal of Inclusive Education. ISSN 1360-3116. doi: 10.1080/13603116.2020.1711538. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Shy children can present challenges for teachers aiming at inclusive classrooms. Their educational attainments can be lower than their peers, they may have difficulties in adjustment to school and they can be at risk of meeting clinical criteria for social anxiety disorder. One recurrent finding is that they are often quiet across a range of school situations. The study reported here focused on teachers’ strategies to engage shy students in frequently occurring oral activities, such as group work, in elementary school classrooms. Data were gathered through post-observation stimulated-recall interviews with eight teachers who had experience of success with shy students and three focus groups with 11 similarly experienced teachers. The analysis examined teachers’ actions with these children to enhance their visible engagement in activities that require oral participation. The findings suggest that although teachers attended to the psychosocial aspects of student engagement, there was little emphasis on the pedagogic purposes of oral activities with these children. We conclude that more attention should be paid to the academic aspects of oral activities when aiming at inclusion for shy children.

• Mjelve, Liv Heidi; Nyborg, Geir; Edwards, Anne & Crozier, Ray (2019). Teachers’ Understandings of Shyness: psychosocial differentiation for student inclusion. British Educational Research Journal (BERJ). ISSN 0141-1926. doi: 10.1002/berj.3563. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Shyness is not a recognised special educational need, yet studies reveal that shy children underperform academically and present psychosocial vulnerabilities. We present a Norwegian study of elementary school teachers who have experience in working with shy children. Framed by a cultural-historical understanding that concepts are tools employed by teachers as they work on problems of practice, the study examined (i) how shyness is a concept allowing teachers to interpret behaviours of children; and (ii) why they employ the concept, what demands were being addressed. Data were gathered through post-observation stimulated-recall interviews with eight teachers; and three focus group sessions with 11 teachers. Seeing shyness as a tool for identifying the demands made by children regarded as shy, revealed sets of child behaviours which required two distinct forms of differentiation: (i) augmenting cognitive support with psychosocial feedback to help the child overcome the behaviours impeding their engagement as active learners; and (ii) making extra efforts when eliciting children’s understandings in order to give formative feedback and support progress through pedagogic sequences. By identifying the behaviours underpinning broad descriptions of shyness, such as anxiety, the analyses show that teachers employ shyness as an over-arching concept which reveals psychosocial demands that may not be entirely addressed by the repertoires of responses available to them.

• Nyborg, Geir & Mjelve, Liv Heidi (2017). Innagerende atferdsvansker og inkludering. I Nilsen, Sven (Red.), Inkludering og mangfold - sett i spesialpedagogisk perspektiv. Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 9788215027760. s. 181–195. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyborg, Geir (2014). Spesifikke språkvansker og atferds-, emosjonelle og sosiale vansker : et arbeidsseminar for lærere. Psykologi i kommunen (PIK). ISSN 1892-3364. 49(4), s. 49–61. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyborg, Geir (2013). Spesifikke språkvansker og atferd, emosjonelle og sosiale vansker: Et oppfølgingsopplegg for barn og foreldre. Psykologi i kommunen (PIK). ISSN 1892-3364. 48(5), s. 61–73. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyborg, Geir (2011). TEACHERS’ USE OF MOTIVATIONAL UTTERANCES IN SPECIAL EDUCATION IN NORWEGIAN COMPULSORY SCHOOLING. A CONTRIBUTION AIMED AT FOSTERING AN INCLUSIVE EDUCATION FOR PUPILS WITH LEARNING DIFFICULTIES? International Journal of Special Education. ISSN 0827-3383. 26(3). Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyborg, Geir (2011). The quality of mediational teaching practiced by teachers in special education. An observational study in Norwegian primary schools. International Journal of Special Education. ISSN 0827-3383. 26(1), s. 101–111. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyborg, Geir (2011). Lærerens bruk av motiverende ytringer i spesialundervisning. Psykologi i kommunen (PIK). ISSN 1892-3364. 46(4), s. 17–30. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyborg, Geir (2010). Interaksjon mellom lærere og elever i spesialundervisning organisert som eneundervisning. Spesialpedagogikk. ISSN 0332-8457. s. 30–45. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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• Nyborg, Geir (2025). Inkluderende opplæring og stille innadvendte elever. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Elever med utagerende atferd kan kreve mye av lærere i opplæringen. Da kan det være lett å overse elever som er stille og innadvendt. Stille elever kjennetegnes ved at de ønsker å snakke og bidra muntlig, men de unngår ofte dette på grunn av engstelse for å framstå sårbare og nervøse overfor andre elever. Stille elever kan dermed gå glipp av viktig faglig og sosial læring. I denne forelesningen gjøres det rede for forskning som har hovedfokus på læreres bruk av pedagogiske strategier for å hjelpe stille elever i norsk grunnskole.

• Nyborg, Geir; Mjelve, Liv Heidi & Arnesen, Anne (2025). Elever med stille innadvendt atferd: Pedagogiske tilnærminger. I Haugland, Bente Storm Mowatt; Bjåstad, Jon Fauskanger & Ogden, Terje (Red.), Angst hos barn og unge: fagpersoner i nærmiljøet kan hjelpe.. Fagbokforlaget. ISSN 9788245047875. doi: https:/fagbokforlaget.no/produkt/9788245047875-angst-hos-barn-og-unge. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Hvordan kan vi bedre hjelpe barn og unge med angst? Angstplager er de mest utbredte psykiske vanskene blant barn og unge i Norge. Mange sliter uten å få tilgang til den hjelpen de trenger. For en del barn og unge innebærer dette at vanskene øker, noe som kan resultere i redusert trivsel, lav mestringsfølelse og risiko for at problemene vokser seg store. Denne boken har som mål å bidra til at barn og unge med milde til moderate angstplager får hjelp og støtte så raskt som mulig . For å nå flest mulig på et tidlig tidspunkt må hjelpen være tilgjengelig der barna er – i skolen, i barnehagen, på helsestasjonen eller gjennom kommunale lavterskeltilbud.

• Nyborg, Geir (2024). Inkluderende opplæring: Med et hovedfokus på stille og innadvendte elever. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyborg, Geir & Bjørnebekk, Gunnar (2023). Forskningsprosjekt om stille og innadvendte elever i ungdomsskolen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyborg, Geir; Solberg, Stine & Stien-Leenderts, Andreas (2022). De stille elevene - hvordan fremme muntlig aktivitet. [Internet]. Podcast Utforsk Aschehoug Undervisning. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyborg, Geir; Mjelve, Liv Heidi; Crozier, Ray; Arnesen, Anne & Coplan, Robert (2021). Teachers’ strategies for helping shy students: Results from a national survey in Norway. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyborg, Geir; Mjelve, Liv Heidi; Colvin, Shane David & Vartun, Marika (2020). Slik kan læreren hjelpe de stille elevene til å mestre skolen. [Internet]. Institutt for spesialpedagogikk, UIO, hjemmeside. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Arnesen, Anne; Mjelve, Liv Heidi; Nyborg, Geir; Crozier, Ray; Bjørnebekk, Gunnar & Coplan, Robert (2020). Student-teacher relationships and (early) adolescents’ school engagement. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mjelve, Liv Heidi & Nyborg, Geir (2019). Barn med stille og innadvendt atferd i skolen - læreres tilnærming. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyborg, Geir; Mjelve, Liv Heidi & Arnesen, Anne (2019). Skolens arbeid med den stille, innadvendte elevgruppen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Arnesen, Anne; Nyborg, Geir & Mjelve, Liv Heidi (2019). Stille og innadvendte elever: Hvordan se og hjelpe dem i skolen? Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Smedstad, Tormod; Nyborg, Geir & Mjelve, Liv Heidi (2018). Hvordan gi stille og sjenerte barn god læringsstøtte? [Journal]. Skolelederen. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Mjelve, Liv Heidi & Nyborg, Geir (2018). Oral activity and anxiety reduction for shy students in elementary school. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyborg, Geir & Mjelve, Liv Heidi (2016). Innagerende atferdsvansker og utfordringer ved inkludering. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyborg, Geir (2009). Interaksjon mellom lærere og elever i spesialundervisning. En studie av kvalitet av medierende undervisning. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyborg, Geir (2002). Gruppekonsultasjon. En arbeidsmåte for økt mestring av undervisningssituasjoner. Spesialpedagogikk. ISSN 0332-8457. s. 40–45. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyborg, Geir (2001). Gruppebasert konsultasjon med lærere. s. 26–28. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyborg, Geir (1999). Veiledning ved hjelp av videoanalyse i skolen. s. 26–28. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Nyborg, Geir (2008). Interaksjon mellom lærere og elever i spesialundervisning : en studie av kvalitet av mediert undervisning. Universitetet i Oslo. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Hovedtemaet for forskningsarbeidet er å belyse interaksjon mellom lærere og elever i spesialundervisning sett i lys av kvalitet av mediert undervisning. Begrepet mediert undervisning bygger på en sosialkognitiv læringsteori og defineres som en opplæringsprosess hvor en lærer i interaksjon med en elev, bidrar til å stimulere elevens kognitive utvikling. Metodisk tilnærming som benyttes, er i hovedsak observasjon og analyse ved hjelp av video. <br><br> Det ble først gjennomført en kvalitativ undersøkelse hvor hensikten var å utvikle et analyseinstrument. Instrumentet består av de seks kriteriene fokusering, emosjonsytring, utvidelse, kompetanse, atferdsregulering og annet. Det ble utarbeidet til sammen sytten operasjonaliseringer for kriteriene. Deretter ble det gjennomført en kvantitativ undersøkelse hvor utvalget besto av fire case med lærer- og elevdyader. Analyseinstrumentet ble benyttet for å analysere videoopptak av fire interaksjonssekvenser for hvert case. Analysene av dataene kan betegnes som nivådelt. Det ble foretatt analyse både av hver av enkeltsekvensene og på tvers av sekvensene til hvert case. Normen benyttet for å vurdere undervisningskvaliteten i enkeltsekvensene, var prosentvis fordelingen av kriteriene sett i lys av undervisningens innhold og elevens fungering. Det ble for det meste funnet at anvendelsen av kriteriene var gunstig i enkeltsekvensene, i lys av de to kontekstuelle faktorene. Normen for å vurdere kvaliteten på tvers av sekvensene til hvert case, var utelukkende prosentvis fordeling av kriteriene. Størst mulig grad av spredning ble ansett for å være gunstig. Det ble her avdekket at det for alle casene i liten grad var spredning i bruken av kriteriene.<br><br> På grunnlag av forskningsarbeidets to undersøkelser er det trukket en konklusjon om at kvaliteten av mediert undervisning var lav i alle de fire casene. Det eksisterte dermed i liten grad forskjeller i kvalitet av mediert undervisning i interaksjonssekvenser mellom lærer- og elevdyader som deltok i spesialundervisning. <br><br> Forskningsarbeidet ble gjennomført i perioden 2003-2007 ved Det utdanningsvitenskaplige fakultetet, Institutt for spesialpedagogikk, Universitetet i Oslo.

• Nyborg, Geir (2002). Gruppekonsultasjon. Oslo kommune, skoleetaten. Pedagogisk-psykologisk tjeneste. ISSN 9788279940050. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

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• Nyborg, Geir (1997). "Slowlearners" i den palestinske skolen. En intervjuundersøkelse blant lærere på Vestbredden. Institutt for spesialpedagogikk. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv

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