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BetterReading: Understanding gains in reading fluency

This project aims to shed light on the cognitive skills and mechanisms of fluent reading, aiming to provide clues on how we can better support children who struggle to achieve sufficient reading skills.

Girl who reads

Achieving reading fluency is very important for being able to gain knowledge and pleasure from reading. Yet many children struggle to develop adequate reading skills, with major potential academic and social consequences (illustration photo: Colourbox)

About the project

Reading is essential in our literate societies, and literacy is a major goal of education. Learning to read is a stunning cognitive achievement, which requires instruction and practice; and many children do not manage to achieve sufficient reading skills.

Reading fluency refers to the ability to read out aloud with accuracy, speed, and proper expression. It is a stable and strong index and predictor of reading skill, including reading comprehension, which is the goal of reading. Yet fluency remains poorly understood, because all existing theories miss a crucial element, namely the role of sequential processing, and this prevents the development of efficient interventions.

In this project we set out to fill this major gap in our understanding of reading with new knowledge produced with innovative methods, leading to both theoretical and concrete applied outcomes for education.

  • Specifically, we will apply a reading intervention that is known to be effective and we will study a range of skills to unprecedented breadth and depth, in order to identify those most closely associated with the effect of the intervention.
  • We will focus on children in the late beginner stage (Grade 2) and intermediate-to-advanced readers (Grade 5). In addition to standard psychoeducational assessment, we will apply eye tracking methodology and derive joint gaze-voice measures to precisely track reading efficiency on a word-by-word basis. We will measure word processing automaticity and serial naming efficiency with materials designed to pose specific processing demands.
  • The comprehensive battery of measures before and after the intervention will help us understand the malleability of dimensions underlying fluency and its relationship to comprehension, and will suggest targets for early screening and novel interventions.

The project will make data available for further research, and will provide fully validated intervention and training materials for immediate use in reading interventions by practitioners. Online announcements and a workshop will maximize awareness and uptake in special education.

Background

BetterReading is a 5-year project with a reading intervention at its core. It will be carried out by researchers at the Department of Special Needs Education, University of Oslo, in close collaboration with selected schools in and around Oslo, with the help of external expert collaborators and an international advisory board.

Financing

The project is funded by the FINNUT programme of the Norwegian Research Council (2020-2025; project number 301519) 

Partners

Refinement and customization of speech processing technologies necessary for automating the eye-gaze alignment workflow will be subcontracted to an expert technology group at the Institute for Language and Speech Processing, Athena Research Center (Athens, Greece).

Tools

The project will make use of resources offered by Oslo SPeLL (Special education and Learning Lab), including testing materials, intervention expertise, as well as eye tracking equipment, lab facilities, and technical support.  

Publications

  • Zelihic, Dzan; Ziaka, Laoura; McMurray, Bob; Altani, Angeliki; Simonsen, Kristin & Protopapas, Athanassios (2026). Children's visual word recognition is hampered by adjacent stimuli. Cognition. ISSN 0010-0277. 274. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106581. Full text in Research Archive
  • Zelihic, Dzan; Kyriakidou, Stefania; Ziaka, Laoura; McMurray, Bob & Protopapas, Athanassios (2026). Interference from adjacent words in visual word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language. ISSN 0749-596X. 149. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2026.104761. Full text in Research Archive
  • Ziaka, Laoura; Zelihic, Dzan; McMurray, Bob; Baxelbaum, Keith; Simonsen, Kristin & Protopapas, Athanasios (2025). Visual word recognition is impeded by adjacent words. Journal of Memory and Language. ISSN 0749-596X. 143. doi: 10.1016/j.jml.2025.104641. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA

  • Ziaka, Laoura; Adedeji, Victoria; Altani, Angeliki; Papadaki, Stella; Simonsen, Kristin & Zelihic, Dzan [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2026). Eye-voice span in serial naming tasks: material load and the maturity of cognitive control. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24776.28163. Full text in Research Archive
  • Diamanti, Vassiliki; Altani, Angeliki; Simonsen, Kristin; Zelihic, Dzan & Protopapas, Athanassios (2026). Where do the effects of repeated reading come from? Full text in Research Archive
  • Protopapas, Athanassios; Ziaka, Laoura; Zelihic, Dzan; Simonsen, Kristin; Altani, Angeliki & McMurray, Bob (2026). Children’s visual word recognition is hampered by adjacent stimuli. Full text in Research Archive
  • Ziaka, Laoura; Altani, Angeliki; Zelihic, Dzan; Simonsen, Kristin & Protopapas, Athanassios (2025). Return Sweeps in Serial Naming Tasks: Load does matter. Full text in Research Archive
  • Protopapas, Athanassios; Ziaka, Laoura; Zelihic, Dzan & McMurray, Bob (2025). Interference From Adjacent Words: Is It Symmetric? Is It Lexical? Full text in Research Archive
  • Protopapas, Athanassios; Altani, Angeliki; Ziaka, Laoura; Diamanti, Vassiliki; Simonsen, Kristin & Zelihic, Dzan [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2024). How does repeated reading work? Intervention effects on eye movements and the eye-voice span. Full text in Research Archive
  • Ziaka, Laoura; Zelihic, Dzan; McMurray, Bob; Baxelbaum, Keith; Simonsen, Kristin & Protopapas, Athanassios (2024). The Foveal Load Hypothesis, And The Notion Of Exploration Vs. Exploitation In Word Reading: A Pupillometry Study. Full text in Research Archive
  • Ziaka, Laoura & Protopapas, Athanassios (2024). Return Sweeps in Serial Naming Tasks: What does matter. Full text in Research Archive
  • Protopapas, Athanassios; Zelihic, Dzan; Ziaka, Laoura; Simonsen, Kristin; Apfelbaum, Keith & McMurray, Bob (2023). Word reading efficiency is associated with resistance to interference from adjacent words. Full text in Research Archive
  • Kyriakidou, Stefania Antonia; Ziaka, Laoura; McMurray, Bob; Zelihic, Dzan; Simonsen, Kristin & Protopapas, Athanassios (2023). The Effects of Interword Spacing on Visual Word Recognition: An Eye-tracking Study Using a Flanked-word Visual World Paradigm. Full text in Research Archive
  • Protopapas, Athanassios (2023). Understanding fluency: Beyond the automaticity of single word reading. Full text in Research Archive
  • Simonsen, Kristin; Altani, Angeliki; Zelihic, Dzan; Ziaka, Laoura; Braze, David & Protopapas, Athanassios (2023). Development of Two Tests of Reading Comprehension Efficiency. Full text in Research Archive
  • Protopapas, Athanassios; Katopodi, Katerina; Altani, Angeliki; Ziaka, Laoura & Georgiou, George K (2022). Articulation rate and cognitive demands in serial naming and reading. Full text in Research Archive
  • Ziaka, Laoura; Katsamanis, Athanasios & Protopapas, Athanassios (2022). Eye-Voice Span in Single Item and Multi Item Stroop Tasks: Tracking Within Task Alterations. Full text in Research Archive
  • Altani, Angeliki; Katsamanis, Athanasios; Kouzelis, Theodoros; Voukelatou, Danai; Zelihic, Dzan & Simonsen, Kristin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Temporal Eye-Voice Span in Naming Tasks as an Index of Cascading Efficiency. Full text in Research Archive
  • Simonsen, Kristin; Altani, Angeliki; Zelihic, Dzan; Ziaka, Laoura; Braze, David & Protopapas, Athanassios (2022). Development of two tests of reading comprehension efficiency. Full text in Research Archive
  • Zelihic, Dzan; Ziaka, Laoura; McMurray, Bob; Apfelbaum, Keith; Simonsen, Kristin & Protopapas, Athanassios (2022). Interference from adjacent items in automatic word recognition: Effects of lexicality and visual complexity. Full text in Research Archive
  • Protopapas, Athanassios & Simonsen, Kristin (2021). Skolecasten 1.10. Better reading. [Internet]. https://anchor.fm/skolecasten/episodes/1-10--Better-reading-. Full text in Research Archive

View all works in NVA

Published Oct. 12, 2020 2:42 PM - Last modified Jan. 16, 2026 2:10 PM

Contact

portrait photo of research leader

Athanasios Protopapas, Professor at The Department of Special Needs Education, UiO (photo: Colvin / UiO)

 

Participants

Detailed list of participants